M | = Make-up water in m3/h |
C | = Circulating water in m3/h |
D | = Draw-off water in m3/h |
E | = Evaporated water in m3/h |
W | = Windage loss of water in m3/h |
X | = Concentration in ppmw (of any completely soluble salts ... usually chlorides) |
XM | = Concentration of chlorides in make-up water (M), in ppmw |
XC | = Concentration of chlorides in circulating water (C), in ppmw |
Cycles | = Cycles of concentration = XC / XM (dimensionless) |
ppmw | = parts per million by weight |
where: | |
HV | = latent heat of vaporization of water = 2260 kJ / kg |
ΔT | = water temperature difference from tower top to tower bottom, in °C |
cp | = specific heat of water = 4.184 kJ / (kg°C) |
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